This document outlines examples of Save the Children’s experience with child-centred early warning systems, linked to the four pillars of the Early Warning for All initiative. It is intended as a starting point for discussion and further identification of good practice examples to ensure meaningful participation of children in development and implementation of early warning systems.

Source: Save the Children

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This study presents a synthesis of the currently available data, analysis and projections, and reports on climate induced displacement and migration in coastal communities. It attempts to unpack the compounding effects of internal migration/displacement caused by climate-weather related events on cities and towns located in low-lying coastal/shoreline and delta areas (for abbreviation, referred to as “coastal cities”).

It is projected that approximately 800 million people in 570 cities will be exposed to the risks related to rising seas and storm surges by 2050 [[i]]. The impacts of climate change, particularly climate- and weather-related disasters are already having a large effect on global migration and displacement patterns globally [[ii]]. In the past decade, 86% of all disasters triggered by natural hazards were caused by weather-and climate-related events, killing over 410,000 people, and affecting 1.7 billion [[iii]].

Coastal settlements range from small settlements to small island states with maritime populations and/or beaches and atolls that are major tourist attractions, large cities that are major transport and financial hubs in coastal deltas, to megacities and even megaregions with several coastal megacities. The Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [[iv]] mentions involuntary displacement and migration among the many adverse impacts of climate change. It notes the ocean-driven coastal risks to people, land and infrastructure in places associated with higher inequality and high growth rates, especially in deltas, leading to larger vulnerability and exposure (with high confidence[1]), respectively, under higher warming levels. Coastal areas also face climate hazards that are not specific to the coast, including heat waves, snowstorms, heavy rainfall, flooding, storms, and landslides. Rapidly urbanizing coastal areas are at particularly high risk of losses due to their location and exposure to extreme natural events including tides, currents and waves, runoff, storms, sediment flow, and erosion.

As temperatures and sea levels rise, climate change contributes to flash floods, salinization of water sources, and more intense storm surges associated with severe cyclones. The Asia and Pacific region have the highest risk of flood displacement, with more than 86% of those at risk living in urban and peri-urban areas [[i]].

Coastal cities also face climate hazards that are not specific to their coastal location, including heat waves, snowstorms, heavy rainfall, flooding, storms, and landslides. While large scale sudden-onset events such as flash floods have the potential to destroy assets, lives, and livelihoods, slow-onset events, such as sea level rise, drought, and desertification may interact with and aggravate sudden-onset hazards such as storm surge [[i]]. In 2013, the sudden onset of Typhoon Haiyan within the Philippines caused significant damage to buildings and infrastructure, flooding in low-lying areas, landslides and storm surges [[ii]]. For coastal cities and urban areas, the heat island effect[1] worsens the impacts of drought and aridity. The IPCC assessment report notes that droughts, whether meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, or ecological, and while differing by region, also significantly impact cities through groundwater withdrawal and thus depletion [[iii]].

[1]  Urban areas, where built-up structures and traffic flows are highly concentrated and greenery is limited, become “islands” of higher temperatures relative to outlying areas. These pockets of heat are referred to as “heat islands.”

[i] IDMC: Unsettlement: Urban displacement in the 21st century

[ii]  Lagmay, A.M. (2015), Devastating storm surges of Typhoon Haiyan, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Vol. 11, March 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.10.006

[iii]  IPCC (2022)

[i]  IDMC GRID. 2019. Flood Displacement Risk – An urban perspective

[1] IPCC describes the level of confidence as very low, low, medium, high and very high, expressing evidence, agreement and confidence. For a given evidence and agreement statement, increasing levels of evidence and degrees of agreement are correlated with increasing confidence.

[i]   UNDESA (2018), World Urbanization Prospects,

UNHabitat (2021) World Cities Report, https://unhabitat.org/World%20Cities%20Report%202020

[ii]   IFRC (2021), Displacement in a Changing Climate,

[iii]   IFRC, (2020)  World Disasters Report: Come Heat or High Water.

[iv]   IPCC (2022) Glavovic, B.C., et al.  Cities and Settlements by the Sea, Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

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Now in their third year, the State of Play reports provide snapshots of international, regional and national investments, commitments and activities linked to early warning and early action. This year’s report focuses on the work of REAP Partners following the recommendations of the 2022 report; identifies both upcoming (for 2024) and longer-term issues, and opportunities for addressing them; and provides an overview of commitments and activities that contribute towards REAP’s 4 Targets.

An ever-greater number of actors are engaged in the early warning early action agenda, including on policy development, investment, planning, and implementation. Thanks in large part to the greater diversity of actors contributing to improved awareness, understanding and collaborative action across the full value chain, approaches to the agenda are also becoming more sophisticated and nuanced. Most actors agree with and support calls for humanitarian, development and climate actors to work in closer harmony, across sectors and levels, as recommended by the 2022 State of Play. This year’s research and analysis highlighted three important ways to make that move:

• Integrate anticipatory action into broader disaster risk management action.
• Ground global policy debates in the realities of implementation.
• Make sense of the initiatives, partnerships and networks working on early warning and early action

Access the report for more insights on how to take these and other priorities forward in 2024 and beyond.

DARAJA mentions on pages: 7, 19, 42, 46

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DARAJA quote featured on p. 7

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Founded by the Insurance Development Forum, University of Oxford, and UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), under the original umbrella of the Global Resilience Index Initiative (GRII), the RPDH aims to fix the information gap for aggregated risk decision-making and the guidance of capital flows towards resilience.

The original concept was launched at COP26 in Glasgow, to provide  sovereigns and financial institutions with globally consistent reference data on climate and natural hazards and risks, under current and future climate conditions. This essential information is now open and accessible to all, using shared standards and consistent metrics at local to global scales.

Explore the Global Climate-Related Risk Analytics here.

The GRI Risk Viewer, previously called the Global Systemic Risk Assessment Tool (G-SRAT), is a data and analytics portal covering hazards, exposure, vulnerability and risk to infrastructure and people around the world. This tool aims to support climate adaptation decision-making by identifying spatial vulnerabilities and risks under current and future climate scenarios.

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Recommendations that emerge from the publication include:

• Introducing a central risk information management system;

• Strengthening subnational and community risk governance through establishing sub-national risk management committees down to community level;

• Strengthening regulation of international aid to minimize unsolicited goods and disaster waste;

• Strengthening the role of disaster service liaison officers, especially the front-line agencies

Source: IFRC Disaster Law

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